All Lessons
99
FINAL EXAM PREP
Core review of essential verbs, nouns, and adjective patterns for the final exam.
35
Vocabulary Words
18
Conjugation Drills
4
Finals Exercises
11 Charts
Pure Endings
13 Tables
Word Mastery
FINAL EXAM
Full Sample Test
4 Songs
Grammar Anthems
Quick Reference
Personal Endings
Singular
-ō/-mI
-syou
-the/she/it
Plural
-muswe
-tisy'all
-ntthey
Remember: The verb ending tells you WHO is doing the action!
1st Conjugation (-āre)
Example: amō (to love)
amō(-ō)
I loveamās(-ās)
you loveamat(-at)
he/she lovesamāmus(-āmus)
we loveamātis(-ātis)
y'all loveamant(-ant)
they love2nd Conjugation (-ēre)
Example: moneō (to warn)
moneō(-eō)
I warnmonēs(-ēs)
you warnmonet(-et)
he/she warnsmonēmus(-ēmus)
we warnmonētis(-ētis)
y'all warnmonent(-ent)
they warnVocabulary (35 words)
Verb0
sum
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
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Definition
to be, exist
Verb0
possum
possum, posse, potuī
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Definition
to be able, can
Verb2nd Conj.
dēbeō
dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum
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Definition
to owe; ought, must, should
Noun1st Decl.
fortūnafortūnae
fortūna, fortūnae
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Definitionfem.
fortune, luck
Noun2nd Decl.
dominusdominī
dominus, dominī
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Definitionmasc.
master, lord
Noun2nd Decl.
bellumbellī
bellum, bellī
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Definitionneut.
war
Noun2nd Decl.
dōnumdōnī
dōnum, dōnī
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Definitionneut.
gift, present
Noun3rd Decl.
rēxrēgis
rēx, rēgis
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Definitionmasc.
king
Noun3rd Decl.
mīlesmīlitis
mīles, mīlitis
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Definitionmasc.
soldier
Noun3rd Decl.
homohominis
homo, hominis
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Definitionmasc.
man, human being
Noun3rd Decl.
duxducis
dux, ducis
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Definitionmasc.
leader, guide
Noun3rd Decl.
iūdexiūdicis
iūdex, iūdicis
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Definitionmasc.
judge
Noun3rd Decl.
pēspedis
pēs, pedis
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Definitionmasc.
foot
Noun3rd Decl.
amoramōris
amor, amōris
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Definitionmasc.
love
Noun3rd Decl.
dolordolōris
dolor, dolōris
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Definitionmasc.
pain, grief
Noun3rd Decl.
laborlabōris
labor, labōris
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Definitionmasc.
work, effort
Noun3rd Decl.
corpuscorporis
corpus, corporis
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Definitionneut.
body
Noun3rd Decl.
cīviscīvis
cīvis, cīvis
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Definitionmasc.
citizen
Noun3rd Decl.
urbsurbis
urbs, urbis
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Definitionfem.
city
Noun3rd Decl.
fōnsfontis (m.)
fōns, fontis (m.)
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Definitionmasc.
fountain, spring, source
Noun3rd Decl.
animalanimālis
animal, animālis
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Definitionneut.
animal
Noun3rd Decl.
maremaris
mare, maris
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Definitionneut.
sea
Noun3rd Decl.
vīsvīs (acc: vim
vīs, vīs (acc: vim, abl: vī)
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Definitionfem.
power, force
Noun3rd Decl.
vīrēsvīrium
vīrēs, vīrium
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Definitionfem.
strength
Noun2nd Decl.
liberlibrī
liber, librī
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Definitionmasc.
book
Noun2nd Decl.
socersocerī
socer, socerī
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Definitionmasc.
father-in-law
Noun2nd Decl.
fīliusfīliī
fīlius, fīliī
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Definitionmasc.
son
Noun2nd Decl.
deusdeī
deus, deī
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Definitionmasc.
god
Adjective2nd Decl.
plēnus, -a, -um
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Definition
full
Adjective2nd Decl.
līber, lībera, līberum
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Definition
free
Adjective2nd Decl.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
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Definition
beautiful, handsome
Adjective
bonus, -a, -um
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Definition
good
Adjective
magnus, -a, -um
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Definition
large, great
Adjective
parvus, -a, -um
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Definition
small, little
Adjective
multus, -a, -um
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Definition
much, many
Vocabulary Meaning Quiz
Vocabulary Quiz1 / 15
Meaning of:
bellum
bellum, bellī
Grammar Reference
1st Declension Endings (-a, -ae)
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| NOMNominative | -a | -ae |
| GENGenitive | -ae | -ārum |
| DATDative | -ae | -īs |
| ACCAccusative | -am | -ās |
| ABLAblative | -ā | -īs |
### The -er Pattern
Some 2nd declension nouns end in -er.
- Type 1 (Retain e): *socer, socerī* (father-in-law). The 'e' stays.
- Type 2 (Drop e): *liber, librī* (book). The 'e' drops in the stem. Always check the genitive!
### Nouns in -ius and -ium
- Genitive Singular: Often ends in a single -ī instead of -iī in older Latin, but -iī is also common.
- Vocative Singular: Proper names in -ius (like *Vergilius*) and the noun fīlius end in -ī (e.g., *fīlī*), not *-ie*.
### Irregular: deus (god)
- Vocative Singular: *deus*
- Nominative Plural: *deī*, *diī*, or *dī*
- Genitive Plural: *deōrum* or *deum*
- Dative/Ablative Plural: *deīs*, *diīs*, or *dīs*
2nd Declension -er Nouns
| Case | socer (stays) | liber (drops) |
|---|---|---|
| Nom Sg | socer | liber |
| Gen Sg | socerī | librī |
| Acc Sg | socerum | librum |
| Nom Pl | socerī | librī |
| Gen Pl | socerōrum | librōrum |
### The Rule of the Genitive
The Genitive is more important than the Nominative. You cannot know the stem or the gender without it.
- *rēx* -> *rēg-is* (stem: rēg-)
- *corpus* -> *corpor-is* (stem: corpor-)
### i-Stem Nouns
These have -ium in the Genitive Plural.
1. Parisyllabics: Nouns with the same number of syllables in Nom and Gen (e.g., *cīvis, cīvis*).
2. Double Consonant Stem: Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants (e.g., *urbs, urb-is* -> *urbium*; *fōns, font-is* -> *fontium*).
3. Neuter i-stems: Nouns ending in -e, -al, -ar (e.g., *animal, mare*).
### Neuter i-Stem Special Endings
- Ablative Singular: ends in -ī (not -e).
- Nom/Acc/Voc Plural: ends in -ia (not -a).
- Genitive Plural: ends in -ium.
### Irregular: vīs (power)
A very common irregular noun.
- Singular: vīs (nom), vīs (gen), vī (dat), vim (acc), vī (abl).
- Plural: vīrēs (nom/acc), vīrium (gen), vīribus (dat/abl).
Neuter 3rd: Regular vs i-Stem
| Case | Regular (corpus) | i-Stem (animal) |
|---|---|---|
| Abl Sg | corpore | animālī |
| Nom Pl | corpora | animālia |
| Gen Pl | corporum | animālium |
Tips
- •Exceptions: pater, māter, frāter use -um (patrum), NOT -ium.
- •vīrēs (plural) means 'strength', while vīs (singular) means 'force' or 'power'.
### Regular: -us, -a, -um
Matches 2nd declension masculine/neuter and 1st declension feminine.
- *plēnus, plēna, plēnum* (full)
### Adjectives in -er
Like nouns, some keep the 'e' and some drop it.
- Type 1 (Retain e): *līber, lībera, līberum* (free).
- Type 2 (Drop e): *pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum* (beautiful).
- Note: The 'e' only appears in the Masculine Nominative Singular.
### Agreement Rule
Adjectives MUST match their noun in Gender, Number, and Case.
*Caution*: They do NOT always match in "ending" if the noun is from a different declension!
- *rēx bonus* (3rd decl noun, 2nd decl adj) - both Masc Nom Sg.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
| Case | Masc | Fem | Neut |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom Sg | pulcher | pulchra | pulchrum |
| Gen Sg | pulchrī | pulchrae | pulchrī |
| Nom Pl | pulchrī | pulchrae | pulchra |
| Gen Pl | pulchrōrum | pulchrārum | pulchrōrum |
### Nouns according to rēx (Masculine)
These nouns follow the standard 3rd declension masculine pattern. The key is the -is in the genitive.
| Nominative | Genitive | Meaning |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| amor | amōris | love |
| clamor | clāmōris | shout, noise |
| dolor | dolōris | pain, grief |
| labor | labōris | work, effort |
| miles | mīlitis | soldier |
| homo | hominis | man, human |
| dux | ducis | leader, guide |
| iudex | iūdicis | judge |
| pes | pedis | foot |
| victor | victōris | victor, winner |
### Nouns according to corpus (Neuter)
These are neuter nouns that follow the corpus, corporis pattern.
- tempus, temporis (time)
- animal, animālis (animal - i-stem)
- mare, maris (sea - i-stem)
### Key Irregulars to Watch
- vīs: (Singular) force/power vs. vīrēs: (Plural) strength.
- deus: 2nd declension, but has several variant plural forms (deī, diī, dī).
### sum (to be)
Irregular but essential. Notice the perfect stem is fu-.
### possum (to be able)
Basically pot- + sum.
- If sum-form starts with s, pot- becomes pos- (possum, possumus, possunt).
- If sum-form starts with e, pot- stays pot- (potes, potest, potestis).
### Infinitives
- Present Active: amāre (to love)
- Perfect Active: amāvisse (to have loved)
sum & possum Present
| Person | sum | possum |
|---|---|---|
| 1s | sum | possum |
| 2s | es | potes |
| 3s | est | potest |
| 1p | sumus | possumus |
| 2p | estis | potestis |
| 3p | sunt | possunt |
Personal Endings
Singular
-ō/-mI
-syou
-the/she/it
Plural
-muswe
-tisy'all
-ntthey
Remember: The verb ending tells you WHO is doing the action!
1st Conjugation (-āre)
Example: amō (to love)
amō(-ō)
I loveamās(-ās)
you loveamat(-at)
he/she lovesamāmus(-āmus)
we loveamātis(-ātis)
y'all loveamant(-ant)
they love2nd Conjugation (-ēre)
Example: moneō (to warn)
moneō(-eō)
I warnmonēs(-ēs)
you warnmonet(-et)
he/she warnsmonēmus(-ēmus)
we warnmonētis(-ētis)
y'all warnmonent(-ent)
they warnVerb Mastery
sum
Verb Mastery: 3 Tenses + Infinitive
Step 1: The Infinitive
possum
Verb Mastery: 3 Tenses + Infinitive
Step 1: The Infinitive
amō
Verb Mastery: 3 Tenses + Infinitive
Step 1: The Infinitive
doceō
Verb Mastery: 3 Tenses + Infinitive
Step 1: The Infinitive
dēbeō
Verb Mastery: 3 Tenses + Infinitive
Step 1: The Infinitive
dūcō
Verb Mastery: 3 Tenses + Infinitive
Step 1: The Infinitive
Adjective Mastery
bonus, -a, -um
Adjective Mastery: M / F / N Declensions
magnus, -a, -um
Adjective Mastery: M / F / N Declensions
Noun Practice
ALWAYS 1st Declension
fortūna(gen: fortūnae)
Feminine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 2nd Declension
dominus(gen: dominī)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 2nd Declension
bellum(gen: bellī)
Neuter| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
rēx(gen: rēgis)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
dux(gen: ducis)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
corpus(gen: corporis)
Neuter| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
tempus(gen: temporis)
Neuter| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
animal(gen: animālis)
Neuter| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
urbs(gen: urbis)
Feminine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
fōns(gen: fontis)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
vīs(gen: vīs)
Feminine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 2nd Declension
liber(gen: librī)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 2nd Declension
socer(gen: socerī)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 2nd Declension
deus(gen: deī)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
Finals Mastery Drills
Sententiae Antīquae
Walk through each ancient sentence word by word. For each word, identify its grammatical properties and meaning.
Sentence 1 of 15— Plautus
0 / 3 revealed
Salvē, Ō patria!
Reveal all words to see the full translation
Pure Endings Mastery
Focus purely on the grammatical signals. Master these endings to unlock fluent reading and accurate translation.
Noun Endings
Declensions 1-31st Declension Feminine
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
a
ae
Gen
ae
ārum
Dat
ae
īs
Acc
am
ās
Voc
a
ae
Abl
ā
īs
2nd Declension Masculine (-us)
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
us
ī
Gen
ī
ōrum
Dat
ō
īs
Acc
um
ōs
Voc
e
ī
Abl
ō
īs
2nd Declension Neuter (-um)
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
um
a
Gen
ī
ōrum
Dat
ō
īs
Acc
um
a
Voc
um
a
Abl
ō
īs
3rd Declension M/F
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
—
ēs
Gen
is
um
Dat
ī
ibus
Acc
em
ēs
Voc
—
ēs
Abl
e
ibus
3rd Declension Neuter
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
—
a
Gen
is
um
Dat
ī
ibus
Acc
—
a
Voc
—
a
Abl
e
ibus
Adjective Endings
1st & 2nd Declension1st/2nd Decl. Adj (Masculine)
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
us
ī
Gen
ī
ōrum
Dat
ō
īs
Acc
um
ōs
Voc
e
ī
Abl
ō
īs
1st/2nd Decl. Adj (Feminine)
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
a
ae
Gen
ae
ārum
Dat
ae
īs
Acc
am
ās
Voc
a
ae
Abl
ā
īs
1st/2nd Decl. Adj (Neuter)
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
um
a
Gen
ī
ōrum
Dat
ō
īs
Acc
um
a
Voc
um
a
Abl
ō
īs
Verb Endings
Present • Imperfect • Future1st Conjugation Endings
Pure Verb MasteryInfinitive: -āre
2nd Conjugation Endings
Pure Verb MasteryInfinitive: -ēre
3rd Conjugation Endings
Pure Verb MasteryInfinitive: -ere
Finals Word Mastery
Master the essential declensions and conjugations by completing the words. Fill in the missing endings, then shuffle to try a new pattern.
Latin 1 Comprehensive Sample Test
This test covers Wheelock Chapters 1-10. Complete all sections before submitting to see your final score.
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