All Lessons
99
FINAL EXAM PREP
Core review of essential verbs, nouns, and adjective patterns for the final exam.
34
Vocabulary Words
15
Conjugation Drills
8
Finals Exercises
11 Charts
Pure Endings
13 Tables
Word Mastery
Quick Reference
Personal Endings
Singular
-ō/-mI
-syou
-the/she/it
Plural
-muswe
-tisy'all
-ntthey
Remember: The verb ending tells you WHO is doing the action!
1st Conjugation (-āre)
Example: amō (to love)
amō(-ō)
I loveamās(-ās)
you loveamat(-at)
he/she lovesamāmus(-āmus)
we loveamātis(-ātis)
y'all loveamant(-ant)
they love2nd Conjugation (-ēre)
Example: moneō (to warn)
moneō(-eō)
I warnmonēs(-ēs)
you warnmonet(-et)
he/she warnsmonēmus(-ēmus)
we warnmonētis(-ētis)
y'all warnmonent(-ent)
they warnVocabulary (34 words)
Verb0
sum
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
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Definition
to be, exist
Verb0
possum
possum, posse, potuī
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Definition
to be able, can
Noun1st Decl.
fortūnafortūnae
fortūna, fortūnae
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Definitionfem.
fortune, luck
Noun2nd Decl.
dominusdominī
dominus, dominī
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Definitionmasc.
master, lord
Noun2nd Decl.
bellumbellī
bellum, bellī
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Definitionneut.
war
Noun2nd Decl.
dōnumdōnī
dōnum, dōnī
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Definitionneut.
gift, present
Noun3rd Decl.
rēxrēgis
rēx, rēgis
Click to flip
Definitionmasc.
king
Noun3rd Decl.
mīlesmīlitis
mīles, mīlitis
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Definitionmasc.
soldier
Noun3rd Decl.
homohominis
homo, hominis
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Definitionmasc.
man, human being
Noun3rd Decl.
duxducis
dux, ducis
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Definitionmasc.
leader, guide
Noun3rd Decl.
iūdexiūdicis
iūdex, iūdicis
Click to flip
Definitionmasc.
judge
Noun3rd Decl.
pēspedis
pēs, pedis
Click to flip
Definitionmasc.
foot
Noun3rd Decl.
amoramōris
amor, amōris
Click to flip
Definitionmasc.
love
Noun3rd Decl.
dolordolōris
dolor, dolōris
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Definitionmasc.
pain, grief
Noun3rd Decl.
laborlabōris
labor, labōris
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Definitionmasc.
work, effort
Noun3rd Decl.
corpuscorporis
corpus, corporis
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Definitionneut.
body
Noun3rd Decl.
cīviscīvis
cīvis, cīvis
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Definitionmasc.
citizen
Noun3rd Decl.
urbsurbis
urbs, urbis
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Definitionfem.
city
Noun3rd Decl.
fōnsfontis
fōns, fontis
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Definitionmasc.
fountain, source
Noun3rd Decl.
animalanimālis
animal, animālis
Click to flip
Definitionneut.
animal
Noun3rd Decl.
maremaris
mare, maris
Click to flip
Definitionneut.
sea
Noun3rd Decl.
vīsvīs (acc: vim
vīs, vīs (acc: vim, abl: vī)
Click to flip
Definitionfem.
power, force
Noun3rd Decl.
vīrēsvīrium
vīrēs, vīrium
Click to flip
Definitionfem.
strength
Noun2nd Decl.
liberlibrī
liber, librī
Click to flip
Definitionmasc.
book
Noun2nd Decl.
socersocerī
socer, socerī
Click to flip
Definitionmasc.
father-in-law
Noun2nd Decl.
fīliusfīliī
fīlius, fīliī
Click to flip
Definitionmasc.
son
Noun2nd Decl.
deusdeī
deus, deī
Click to flip
Definitionmasc.
god
Adjective2nd Decl.
plēnus, -a, -um
Click to flip
Definition
full
Adjective2nd Decl.
līber, lībera, līberum
Click to flip
Definition
free
Adjective2nd Decl.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
Click to flip
Definition
beautiful, handsome
Adjective
bonus, -a, -um
Click to flip
Definition
good
Adjective
magnus, -a, -um
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Definition
large, great
Adjective
parvus, -a, -um
Click to flip
Definition
small, little
Adjective
multus, -a, -um
Click to flip
Definition
much, many
Vocabulary Meaning Quiz
Vocabulary Quiz1 / 15
Meaning of:
socer
socer, socerī
Grammar Reference
1st Declension Endings (-a, -ae)
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| NOMNominative | -a | -ae |
| GENGenitive | -ae | -ārum |
| DATDative | -ae | -īs |
| ACCAccusative | -am | -ās |
| ABLAblative | -ā | -īs |
### The -er Pattern
Some 2nd declension nouns end in -er.
- Type 1 (Retain e): *socer, socerī* (father-in-law). The 'e' stays.
- Type 2 (Drop e): *liber, librī* (book). The 'e' drops in the stem. Always check the genitive!
### Nouns in -ius and -ium
- Genitive Singular: Often ends in a single -ī instead of -iī in older Latin, but -iī is also common.
- Vocative Singular: Proper names in -ius (like *Vergilius*) and the noun fīlius end in -ī (e.g., *fīlī*), not *-ie*.
### Irregular: deus (god)
- Vocative Singular: *deus*
- Nominative Plural: *deī*, *diī*, or *dī*
- Genitive Plural: *deōrum* or *deum*
- Dative/Ablative Plural: *deīs*, *diīs*, or *dīs*
2nd Declension -er Nouns
| Case | socer (stays) | liber (drops) |
|---|---|---|
| Nom Sg | socer | liber |
| Gen Sg | socerī | librī |
| Acc Sg | socerum | librum |
| Nom Pl | socerī | librī |
| Gen Pl | socerōrum | librōrum |
### The Rule of the Genitive
The Genitive is more important than the Nominative. You cannot know the stem or the gender without it.
- *rēx* -> *rēg-is* (stem: rēg-)
- *corpus* -> *corpor-is* (stem: corpor-)
### i-Stem Nouns
These have -ium in the Genitive Plural.
1. Parisyllabics: Nouns with the same number of syllables in Nom and Gen (e.g., *cīvis, cīvis*).
2. Double Consonant Stem: Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants (e.g., *urbs, urb-is* -> *urbium*; *fōns, font-is* -> *fontium*).
3. Neuter i-stems: Nouns ending in -e, -al, -ar (e.g., *animal, mare*).
### Neuter i-Stem Special Endings
- Ablative Singular: ends in -ī (not -e).
- Nom/Acc/Voc Plural: ends in -ia (not -a).
- Genitive Plural: ends in -ium.
### Irregular: vīs (power)
A very common irregular noun.
- Singular: vīs (nom), vīs (gen), vī (dat), vim (acc), vī (abl).
- Plural: vīrēs (nom/acc), vīrium (gen), vīribus (dat/abl).
Neuter 3rd: Regular vs i-Stem
| Case | Regular (corpus) | i-Stem (animal) |
|---|---|---|
| Abl Sg | corpore | animālī |
| Nom Pl | corpora | animālia |
| Gen Pl | corporum | animālium |
Tips
- •Exceptions: pater, māter, frāter use -um (patrum), NOT -ium.
- •vīrēs (plural) means 'strength', while vīs (singular) means 'force' or 'power'.
### Regular: -us, -a, -um
Matches 2nd declension masculine/neuter and 1st declension feminine.
- *plēnus, plēna, plēnum* (full)
### Adjectives in -er
Like nouns, some keep the 'e' and some drop it.
- Type 1 (Retain e): *līber, lībera, līberum* (free).
- Type 2 (Drop e): *pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum* (beautiful).
- Note: The 'e' only appears in the Masculine Nominative Singular.
### Agreement Rule
Adjectives MUST match their noun in Gender, Number, and Case.
*Caution*: They do NOT always match in "ending" if the noun is from a different declension!
- *rēx bonus* (3rd decl noun, 2nd decl adj) - both Masc Nom Sg.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
| Case | Masc | Fem | Neut |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom Sg | pulcher | pulchra | pulchrum |
| Gen Sg | pulchrī | pulchrae | pulchrī |
| Nom Pl | pulchrī | pulchrae | pulchra |
| Gen Pl | pulchrōrum | pulchrārum | pulchrōrum |
### Nouns according to rēx (Masculine)
These nouns follow the standard 3rd declension masculine pattern. The key is the -is in the genitive.
| Nominative | Genitive | Meaning |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| amor | amōris | love |
| clamor | clāmōris | shout, noise |
| dolor | dolōris | pain, grief |
| labor | labōris | work, effort |
| miles | mīlitis | soldier |
| homo | hominis | man, human |
| dux | ducis | leader, guide |
| iudex | iūdicis | judge |
| pes | pedis | foot |
| victor | victōris | victor, winner |
### Nouns according to corpus (Neuter)
These are neuter nouns that follow the corpus, corporis pattern.
- tempus, temporis (time)
- animal, animālis (animal - i-stem)
- mare, maris (sea - i-stem)
### Key Irregulars to Watch
- vīs: (Singular) force/power vs. vīrēs: (Plural) strength.
- deus: 2nd declension, but has several variant plural forms (deī, diī, dī).
### sum (to be)
Irregular but essential. Notice the perfect stem is fu-.
### possum (to be able)
Basically pot- + sum.
- If sum-form starts with s, pot- becomes pos- (possum, possumus, possunt).
- If sum-form starts with e, pot- stays pot- (potes, potest, potestis).
### Infinitives
- Present Active: amāre (to love)
- Perfect Active: amāvisse (to have loved)
sum & possum Present
| Person | sum | possum |
|---|---|---|
| 1s | sum | possum |
| 2s | es | potes |
| 3s | est | potest |
| 1p | sumus | possumus |
| 2p | estis | potestis |
| 3p | sunt | possunt |
Personal Endings
Singular
-ō/-mI
-syou
-the/she/it
Plural
-muswe
-tisy'all
-ntthey
Remember: The verb ending tells you WHO is doing the action!
1st Conjugation (-āre)
Example: amō (to love)
amō(-ō)
I loveamās(-ās)
you loveamat(-at)
he/she lovesamāmus(-āmus)
we loveamātis(-ātis)
y'all loveamant(-ant)
they love2nd Conjugation (-ēre)
Example: moneō (to warn)
moneō(-eō)
I warnmonēs(-ēs)
you warnmonet(-et)
he/she warnsmonēmus(-ēmus)
we warnmonētis(-ētis)
y'all warnmonent(-ent)
they warnVerb Mastery
sum
Verb Mastery: 3 Tenses + Infinitive
Step 1: The Infinitive
possum
Verb Mastery: 3 Tenses + Infinitive
Step 1: The Infinitive
amō
Verb Mastery: 3 Tenses + Infinitive
Step 1: The Infinitive
doceō
Verb Mastery: 3 Tenses + Infinitive
Step 1: The Infinitive
dūcō
Verb Mastery: 3 Tenses + Infinitive
Step 1: The Infinitive
Adjective Mastery
bonus, -a, -um
Adjective Mastery: M / F / N Declensions
magnus, -a, -um
Adjective Mastery: M / F / N Declensions
Noun Practice
ALWAYS 1st Declension
fortūna(gen: fortūnae)
Feminine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 2nd Declension
dominus(gen: dominī)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 2nd Declension
bellum(gen: bellī)
Neuter| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
rēx(gen: rēgis)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
corpus(gen: corporis)
Neuter| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
tempus(gen: temporis)
Neuter| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
animal(gen: animālis)
Neuter| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
urbs(gen: urbis)
Feminine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
fōns(gen: fontis)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 3rd Declension
vīs(gen: vīs)
Feminine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 2nd Declension
liber(gen: librī)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 2nd Declension
socer(gen: socerī)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
ALWAYS 2nd Declension
deus(gen: deī)
Masculine| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Genitive | ||
| Dative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | ||
| Ablative |
Finals Mastery Drills
Sententiae Antīquae
Walk through each ancient sentence word by word. For each word, identify its grammatical properties and meaning.
Sentence 1 of 15— Plautus
0 / 3 revealed
Salvē, Ō patria!
Reveal all words to see the full translation
Pure Endings Mastery
Focus purely on the grammatical signals. Master these endings to unlock fluent reading and accurate translation.
Noun Endings
Declensions 1-31st Declension Feminine
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
a
ae
Gen
ae
ārum
Dat
ae
īs
Acc
am
ās
Voc
a
ae
Abl
ā
īs
2nd Declension Masculine (-us)
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
us
ī
Gen
ī
ōrum
Dat
ō
īs
Acc
um
ōs
Voc
e
ī
Abl
ō
īs
2nd Declension Neuter (-um)
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
um
a
Gen
ī
ōrum
Dat
ō
īs
Acc
um
a
Voc
um
a
Abl
ō
īs
3rd Declension M/F
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
—
ēs
Gen
is
um
Dat
ī
ibus
Acc
em
ēs
Voc
—
ēs
Abl
e
ibus
3rd Declension Neuter
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
—
a
Gen
is
um
Dat
ī
ibus
Acc
—
a
Voc
—
a
Abl
e
ibus
Adjective Endings
1st & 2nd Declension1st/2nd Decl. Adj (Masculine)
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
us
ī
Gen
ī
ōrum
Dat
ō
īs
Acc
um
ōs
Voc
e
ī
Abl
ō
īs
1st/2nd Decl. Adj (Feminine)
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
a
ae
Gen
ae
ārum
Dat
ae
īs
Acc
am
ās
Voc
a
ae
Abl
ā
īs
1st/2nd Decl. Adj (Neuter)
Pure Endings DrillCase
Singular
Plural
Nom
um
a
Gen
ī
ōrum
Dat
ō
īs
Acc
um
a
Voc
um
a
Abl
ō
īs
Verb Endings
Present • Imperfect • Future1st Conjugation Endings
Pure Verb MasteryInfinitive: -āre
2nd Conjugation Endings
Pure Verb MasteryInfinitive: -ēre
3rd Conjugation Endings
Pure Verb MasteryInfinitive: -ere
Finals Word Mastery
Master the essential declensions and conjugations by completing the words. Fill in the missing endings, then shuffle to try a new pattern.
Verb Conjugation Mastery
sum
Irregularpossum
Irregularamō
1st Conjugationdoceō
22nd Conjugationdūcō
33rd ConjugationAdjective Declension Mastery
bonus, -a, -um
Endings Mastery • 1st & 2nd Declension
Masculinebonus (M)
SingularForms 1-6
NomSubject
bonus
Genof ...
bonī
Datto/for ...
bonō
AccObject
bonum
VocAddress
bone
Ablby/with/from
bonō
PluralForms 7-12
Nom
bonī
Gen
bonōrum
Dat
bonīs
Acc
bonōs
Voc
bonī
Abl
bonīs
Femininebona (F)
SingularForms 1-6
NomSubject
bona
Genof ...
bonae
Datto/for ...
bonae
AccObject
bonam
VocAddress
bona
Ablby/with/from
bonā
PluralForms 7-12
Nom
bonae
Gen
bonārum
Dat
bonīs
Acc
bonās
Voc
bonae
Abl
bonīs
Neuterbonum (N)
SingularForms 1-6
NomSubject
bonum
Genof ...
bonī
Datto/for ...
bonō
AccObject
bonum
VocAddress
bonum
Ablby/with/from
bonō
PluralForms 7-12
Nom
bona
Gen
bonōrum
Dat
bonīs
Acc
bona
Voc
bona
Abl
bonīs
magnus, -a, -um
Endings Mastery • 1st & 2nd Declension
Masculinemagnus (M)
SingularForms 1-6
NomSubject
magnus
Genof ...
magnī
Datto/for ...
magnō
AccObject
magnum
VocAddress
magne
Ablby/with/from
magnō
PluralForms 7-12
Nom
magnī
Gen
magnōrum
Dat
magnīs
Acc
magnōs
Voc
magnī
Abl
magnīs
Femininemagna (F)
SingularForms 1-6
NomSubject
magna
Genof ...
magnae
Datto/for ...
magnae
AccObject
magnam
VocAddress
magna
Ablby/with/from
magnā
PluralForms 7-12
Nom
magnae
Gen
magnārum
Dat
magnīs
Acc
magnās
Voc
magnae
Abl
magnīs
Neutermagnum (N)
SingularForms 1-6
NomSubject
magnum
Genof ...
magnī
Datto/for ...
magnō
AccObject
magnum
VocAddress
magnum
Ablby/with/from
magnō
PluralForms 7-12
Nom
magna
Gen
magnōrum
Dat
magnīs
Acc
magna
Voc
magna
Abl
magnīs
Noun Declension Mastery
First Declension
Feminine
fortūna
1st Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
fortūna
fortūnae
Genitive
fortūnae
fortūnārum
Dative
fortūnae
fortūnīs
Accusative
fortūnam
fortūnās
Vocative
fortūna
fortūnae
Ablative
fortūnā
fortūnīs
Second Declension
Masculine
dominus
2nd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
dominus
dominī
Genitive
dominī
dominōrum
Dative
dominō
dominīs
Accusative
dominum
dominōs
Vocative
domine
dominī
Ablative
dominō
dominīs
Neuter
bellum
2nd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
bellum
bella
Genitive
bellī
bellōrum
Dative
bellō
bellīs
Accusative
bellum
bella
Vocative
bellum
bella
Ablative
bellō
bellīs
Masculine
liber
2nd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
liber
librī
Genitive
librī
librōrum
Dative
librō
librīs
Accusative
librum
librōs
Vocative
liber
librī
Ablative
librō
librīs
Masculine
socer
2nd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
socer
socerī
Genitive
socerī
socerōrum
Dative
socerō
socerīs
Accusative
socerum
socerōs
Vocative
socer
socerī
Ablative
socerō
socerīs
Masculine
deus
2nd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
deus
deī
Genitive
deī
deōrum
Dative
deō
deīs
Accusative
deum
deōs
Vocative
deus
deī
Ablative
deō
deīs
Third Declension
Masculine
rēx
3rd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
rēx
rēgēs
Genitive
rēgis
rēgum
Dative
rēgī
rēgibus
Accusative
rēgem
rēgēs
Vocative
rēx
rēgēs
Ablative
rēge
rēgibus
Neuter
corpus
3rd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
corpus
corpora
Genitive
corporis
corporum
Dative
corporī
corporibus
Accusative
corpus
corpora
Vocative
corpus
corpora
Ablative
corpore
corporibus
Neuter
tempus
3rd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
tempus
tempora
Genitive
temporis
temporum
Dative
temporī
temporibus
Accusative
tempus
tempora
Vocative
tempus
tempora
Ablative
tempore
temporibus
Neuter
animal
3rd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
animal
animālia
Genitive
animālis
animālium
Dative
animālī
animālibus
Accusative
animal
animālia
Vocative
animal
animālia
Ablative
animālī
animālibus
Feminine
urbs
3rd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
urbs
urbēs
Genitive
urbis
urbium
Dative
urbī
urbibus
Accusative
urbem
urbēs
Vocative
urbs
urbēs
Ablative
urbe
urbibus
Masculine
fōns
3rd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
fōns
fontēs
Genitive
fontis
fontium
Dative
fontī
fontibus
Accusative
fontem
fontēs
Vocative
fōns
fontēs
Ablative
fonte
fontibus
Feminine
vīs
3rd Declension
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
vīs
vīrēs
Genitive
vīs
vīrium
Dative
vī
vīribus
Accusative
vim
vīrēs
Vocative
vīs
vīrēs
Ablative
vī
vīribus